Inclusão da ractopamina na nutrição de peixes: revisão de literatura / Inclusion of ractopamine in fish nutrition: literature review / Inclusión de ractopamina en nutrición de peces: revisión de literatura

A demanda da população mundial por produtos aquáticos esta se incrementando, enquanto que a produção da pesca extrativa reduzindo, alcançando em muitos casos, seu máximo potencial produtivo. Como consequência, não será possível em curto prazo, sustentar o fornecimento de produtos aquáticos, direcionado a uma população que constantemente cresce e demanda pescados. O setor produtivo segue a tendência atual de outros sistemas de produção animal, os quais vêm buscando o aumento da produtividade, de maneira sustentável, do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental, requerendo, principalmente, o aporte da nutrição para contribuir com essa tendência. Os estudos com os aditivos adicionados a dieta dos animais de cativeiro é uma estratégia que tem demonstrado alto potencial para sua inclusão na aquicultura, havendo a possibilidade de um aumento nos índices produtivos e/ou melhora na qualidade do produto para o consumidor. A ractopamina é um aditivo classificado como um agonista beta-adrenérgico e seu mecanismo de ação esta associado com efeitos sobre o metabolismo dos peixes que diminuem o acúmulo de gorduras, por meio da inibição da lipogêneses e estimulo da lipólise, e por mecanismos que favorecem a síntese de proteínas muscular. Os estudos realizados até o momento comprovam que existem alterações metabólicas nos peixes, embora, não se tem encontrado, em todos os estudos, diferenças significativas nos índices zootécnicos, para assim, estabelecer seu uso na indústria. A realização de mais pesquisas é necessária para o melhor entendimento da ractopamina na alimentação dos peixes, sobretudo, no entendimento dos receptores e mecanismos de ação dos peixes.(AU)

The demand of the global population for aquatic products is increasing while the production of extractive fisheries is reducing, and, in many cases, even reaching its maximum productive potential. As a consequence, it will not be possible in the short term to sustain the supply of aquatic products aimed at a population in constant growth and in demand for fish. The productive sector follows the current trend of other animal production systems, which have been seeking to sustainably increase productivity from an economic and environmental point of view, mainly requiring the contribution of nutrition to this trend. Studies with additives to the diet of captive animals is a strategy that has shown high potential for inclusion in aquaculture, with the possibility of an increase in production rates and/or improvement in the quality of the product for the consumer. Ractopamine is an additive classified as a beta-adrenergic agonist and its mechanism of action is associated with effects on fish metabolism that reduce the accumulation of fats through the inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis, and by mechanisms that favor the synthesis of muscle protein. The studies carried out so far prove that there are metabolic changes in fish, although no significant differences have been found in zootechnical indexes in order to establish its use in the industry. Further research is required for a better understanding of ractopamine in fish nutrition, especially in understanding the receptors and mechanisms of action in fish.(AU)

La demanda de la población mundial por productos acuáticos va en aumento, mientras que la producción de la pesca extractiva se reduce, alcanzando, en muchos casos, su máximo potencial productivo. Como consecuencia, no será posible en corto plazo sostener el suministro de productos acuáticos, dirigidos a una población que crece constantemente y demanda pescado. El sector productivo sigue la tendencia actual de otros sistemas de producción animal, que han venido buscando incrementar la productividad, de manera sostenible, desde el punto de vista económico y ambiental, requiriendo, principalmente, del aporte de la nutrición para contribuir a esa tendencia. Los estudios con aditivos agregados a la dieta de animales en cautiverio es una estrategia que ha mostrado un alto potencial para su inclusión en la acuicultura, con posibilidad de incremento en los índices de producción y/o mejora en la calidad del producto para el consumidor. La ractopamina es un aditivo clasificado como agonista beta-adrenérgico y su mecanismo de acción está asociado con efectos sobre el metabolismo de los peces que reducen la acumulación de grasas, a través de la inhibición de la lipogénesis y estimulación del lipólisis, y por mecanismos que favorecen la síntesis de proteínas musculares. Los estudios realizados hasta el momento prueban que existen cambios metabólicos en los peces, aunque en todos los estudios no se han encontrado diferencias significativas en los índices zootécnicos, con el fin de establecer su uso en la industria. Se necesita más investigación para comprender mejor la ractopamina en la nutrición de los peces, especialmente para comprender los receptores y los mecanismos de acción en los peces.(AU)

Urban market amplifies strong species selectivity in Amazonian artisanal fisheries

Despite Amazonia possessing the highest freshwater biodiversity on Earth, urban landing data show how huge fishing pressure is placed on only a dozen species. However, truly characterising the fishery and understanding the drivers of species selectivity is challenging, given the neglect of artisanal fishing activity, who may catch most of the Amazon's fish. We register the catch of 824 fishing trips by interviewing artisanal fishers in their rural riverside communities. We use these data to characterise the artisanal fishery of the Rio Purus, the main fish source sub-system for the Amazon's largest city (Manaus), and investigate the factors determining catch composition. Fishers caught 80 fish species, yet just four species made up over half of the harvested biomass. Urban markets appear to drive greater selectivity, with a significantly lower species diversity in commercial compared to subsistence catches. Fish catch composition varied significantly both seasonally and with geographical remoteness from Manaus. The spatial turnover in catch composition appears to be driven by urban access, with more commercially important species dominating where Manaus-based fish-buyers frequent. Our data may partially explain observed overfishing in some commercially important species, particularly as most Amazonians now live in urban areas.(AU)

Apesar da Amazônia possuir a maior biodiversidade de água doce do mundo, dados de desembarques urbanos mostram como a grande pressão da pesca é focada em apenas uma dúzia de espécies. Entretanto, caracterizar a pesca e entender as causas da seletividade das espécies é desafiador pela pesca artesanal, que pode capturar a maioria dos peixes da Amazônia, ser negligenciada. Registramos as capturas de 824 pescarias entrevistando pescadores artesanais em suas comunidades ribeirinhas. Usamos esses dados para caracterizar a pesca artesanal do rio Purus, o principal subsistema de origem do pescado para a maior cidade da Amazônia (Manaus), e investigamos os fatores que determinam a composição das capturas. Os pescadores capturaram 80 espécies de peixes, e apenas quatro representaram mais da metade da biomassa. Os mercados urbanos parecem direcionar maior seletividade, com diversidade de espécies significativamente menor nas capturas comerciais que nas de subsistência. A composição do pescado variou significativamente tanto sazonalmente quanto com o afastamento geográfico de Manaus. A substituição espacial na composição das capturas parece ser direcionada pelo acesso urbano, com espécies comercialmente importantes dominando onde os compradores de peixes de Manaus frequentam. Nossos dados podem explicar parcialmente a sobrepesca observada de algumas espécies comercialmente importantes, particularmente porque a maioria da população da Amazônia vive atualmente em áreas urbanas.(AU)

Potencial económico de la captura de peces de ornato bajo protección federal en México / Economic potential of ornamental fish catching under federal protection in Mexico

ResumenLa pesca de ornamento es una actividad económicamente viable en países en desarrollo debido a que el acuarismo se ha convertido en un pasatiempo mundial. En México la pesca se ha dado desde los 80´s, especialmente en la Península de Baja California, pero no se tiene registro adecuado de la producción comercial, ni de la ganancia económica que se obtiene de la explotación del recurso. El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular el nivel máximo de captura permisible de las cinco especies de peces de ornato incluidas en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT 2010 (protegidas por mandato federal), y la ganancia neta que el recurso podría generar. Se realizaron censos (N= 1 610) en 21 localidades arrecifales del Pacifico mexicano y el Golfo de California, para estimar las densidades poblacionales de cada taxón; también se calculó su tasa de mortalidad natural (M) a partir de la talla máxima (L∞), constante de crecimiento (k) y la temperatura (C), y la captura máxima permisible a partir de M. Finalmente, con los precios que se pagan en playa a los pescadores se hizo una estimación del valor económico que posee cada localidad en una temporada de pesca dada, y dentro de una superficie de 220 hectáreas (representativa del tamaño promedio de la zona de captura asignada a una cooperativa en México). Los resultados indicaron que las localidades en las que la pesca de ornato tiene un mejor potencial económico son las Islas Encantadas, Bahía de los Ángeles y el Archipiélago San Lorenzo (todas en el estado de Baja California). Fuera del golfo (donde no hay pesca legal de ornato actualmente), la mayor rentabilidad potencial la presentan Islas Marietas (Jalisco), y las Islas Revillagigedo. La pesca de ornato puede ser una actividad viable en varias de las zonas analizadas del país, sin embargo, los montos potenciales que la captura representa no son suficientes como para sostener un grupo organizado que la practique; por ello, la pesca de ornato debe verse como una actividad comercial alternativa. Finalmente, para que ésta sea una pesquería rentable y sostenible, se recomienda hacer uso de regulaciones federales ya en existentes, que ayuden a controlar cuotas de captura.

Abstract:Ornamental fisheries are economically viable activities in developing countries due to the fact that aquaria have become a worldwide hobby. In Mexico, the fishery has been conducted since the 1980s, especially in the Baja California Peninsula, but nevertheless, there are no adequate records of commercial production, or about the economic gain due to the exploitation of the resource. The objective of this paper was to calculate the maximum allowable catch for the five ornamental fishes included in the NOM-059-SEMARNAT (protected by federal mandate), and the net monetary gain that the resource might generate. Censuses (N=1 610) were conducted in 21 reef sites of the Mexican Pacific and Gulf of California in order to estimate population density of each taxon; also, natural mortality rate (M) was calculated from maximum size (L∞), individual growth rate (k) and temperature (C), and the total allowable catch was estimated on the basis of M. Finally, considering the prices of the species paid to fishermen at the beach, an estimation of the economic value of a single fishing season for an area of 220 hectares (representative of the catch area assigned in average to a cooperative in Mexico) was produced. The results indicated that the areas with the best economic potential were Encantadas Islands, Los Angeles Bay, and San Lorenzo Archipelago (all in the state of Baja California). Outside of the gulf (where no legal ornamental fisheries exist) the potentially more rentable locations were Marietas Islands (Jalisco), and the Revillagigedo Islands. Aquarium fisheries may be a viable activity in several of the analyzed areas of the country, however, the potential gain that harvest represents is not enough to fully sustain an organized group that would perform it; for that reason the ornamental fishery should be seen as an alternative commercial activity. Finally, to guarantee this activity to be a rentable and sustainable fishery, we recommended that, the existing rules defined by the Mexican federal government should be applied to control the catch quotas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 195-210. Epub 2017 March 01.

Long-term (2002-2011) changes on Cetengraulis edentulus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) fisheries in Guanabara Bay, Brazil / Variaciones a gran escala (2002-2011) de las pesquerías de Cetengraulis edentulus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) en la bahía de Guanabara, Brasil

C. edentulus accounts for the major fishery resource in Guanabara Bay, but there are only few studies about its captures.This study analyzed the long term changes on C. edentulus catches in Guanabara Bay, focusing especially on temporal variation on capture effort, boat storage temperature, and fish price and size.We assessed the 2002-2011 database of fish landings at the pier of Rubi S.A., with records of year, month, total catch (kg), number of fish per kg, boat storage temperature (oC), and price per kg to boat owner (US$). Those variables differed among years and months (ANOVA; p<0.01) with strong yearXmonth interactions for all, probably related to C. edentulus reproductive and recruitment seasons and environmental conditions of Guanabara Bay. Generalized additive models revealed that high C. edentulus catches were associated with few boat loadings of large-sized fishes, which were conserved in higher boat storage temperatures and attained high market prices. Our long-term study stressed that variations on C. edentulus fishery were related to changes on boat storage temperature, fish size, price paid per kg, and frequency of landings, and that these descriptors are correlated with C. edentulus ecological traits and high phytoplankton availability. Nevertheless, further studies should be performed to address whether less evident factors, such as the fluctuation of concurrent Sardinella brasiliensis stock, would explain the temporal dynamics of C. edentulus stocks in Guanabara Bay.

Cetengraulis edentulus se distribuye por todo el Atlántico Sur y es la especie más explotada comercialmente en la bahía de Guanabara, Brasil. Entre 2002-2011 se analizaron los desembarques pesqueros de la empresa Rubi S.A., las capturas totales (kg), número de peces por kg, temperatura de almacenamiento en la embarcación (°C) y el precio pagado por kg de C. edentulus al propietario de la embarcación (US$). Todas las variables difirieron entre años y meses (ANOVA, p<0.01), con interacciones años × meses significativas para todas, probablemente a causa de los períodos reproductivo y de reclutamiento de C. edentulus y a las condiciones ambientales de la bahía. Modelos aditivos generalizados indicaron que capturas más elevadas de C. edentulus estuvieron asociadas con un menor número de desembarques, pero de peces más grandes, los cuales fueron conservados a temperaturas más elevadas y obtuvieron precios más altos de mercado. Aunque los cambios en los descriptores estén relacionados con los atributos ecológicos de C. edentulus y la productividad del fitoplancton, se necesitan más estudios para investigar si otros factores, tales como la fluctuación de los stocks de Sardinella brasiliensis, pueden afectar la dinámica temporal de los stocks de C. edentulus en la bahía.

Economic valuation of the Emas waterfall, Mogi-Guaçu River, SP, Brazil

The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.

A Cachoeira de Emas, no Rio Mogi-Guaçu, é reconhecida regionalmente como um importante local para a pesca e o turismo. Os primeiros registros da pesca profissional e esportiva no local datam da década de 30, que é o mesmo período em que a atividade do turismo teve seu início. O presente artigo fornece uma valoração ambiental deste local e identifica as diferenças entre os principais grupos de pessoas que o frequentam. Durante o ano de 2006 nós entrevistamos 33 pescadores profissionais, 107 pescadores esportivos, 45 turistas e 103 excursionistas para estimar a Disposição a Pagar ( P) de cada categoria e para analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos através de regressões logísticas e ANCOVAs. A DAP dos pescadores profissionais foi significativamente influenciada pela idade e escolaridade e a DAP dos pescadores esportivos foi significativamente influenciada pela renda familiar. As variáveis que influenciaram a DAP dos turistas e excursionistas fora o sexo e a escolaridade. valor anual total agregado para manter a Cachoeira nas condições atuais foi estimado em US$ 81.080,00, e US$ 44.055.911,46 para recuperá-la.

Socio-economic characteristics of the Cachoeira de Emas small-scale fishery in Mogi-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, Brazil / Características socioeconômicas da pesca profissional de pequena escala na cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

Fishing in the area of Cachoeira de Emas dates from the aboriginal Painguás who inhabited its margins. The socioeconomic conditions of the fishers and fishing are described, derived from personal interviews with 33 fishers. Their mean age is 48.6 years and they have been fishing on average for 24.2 years. The monthly total raw income is US$ 575.52 and the raw income just from fishing is of US$ 239.64 per fisher. Most of them (66.6 percent) have only incomplete primary and junior education. The main capture species are curimba Prochilodus lineatus, piapara Leporinus obtusidens, dourado Salminus brasiliensis, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus heraldoi and lambari (genus Astyanax and Roeboides). Fishers capture an average of 19.9 kg of fish per day. The total average raw income just calculated from the interviews is very high when compared with other places in Brazil and in the world, and above the poverty line as defined by the Getúlio Vargas Foundation. So we may conclude there these fishers are not the poorest in society.

A pesca na região da Cachoeira de Emas ocorre desde quando os indígenas habitavam suas margens. As condições socioeconômicas dos pescadores que atuam neste local e a caracterização da pesca foram determinadas através de entrevistas com 33 pescadores. A idade média deles é de 48,6 anos e eles vêm pescando em média por 24,2 anos. A renda mensal total familiar é de US$ 575,52 e a renda apenas da pesca é de US$ 239,64 por pescador. A maioria deles tem o primeiro grau incompleto (66,6 por cento). As principais espécies capturadas são o curimba Prochilodus lineatus, a piapara Leporinus obtusidens, o dourado Salminus brasiliensis, o mandi Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus heraldoi e o lambari (gênero Astyanax e Roeboides). Os pescadores capturam em média 19,9 kg por dia. Comparando-se a captura média diária por pescador na Cachoeira de Emas com outros lugares percebemos que ela ainda está acima da média. A renda média total está entre as mais altas comparando-se com outros locais do Brasil e do mundo e acima da linha de miséria definida pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Podemos então concluir que estes pescadores não são a classe de profissionais mais pobres da sociedade.

Sport fishing in Cachoeira de Emas in Mogi-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, Brazil / A pesca esportiva na Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi-Guaçu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Sport fishing is an important leisure activity in many countries. It directly and indirectly generates income and jobs for millions of people. In some places, its landing outstrips production from professional fishing but this fact is not always taken into account in the establishment of management actions. In the area of Cachoeira (Waterfall) de Emas there are reports of intense fishing since the 20's. The objective of this paper is to identify the profile of the sporting fishers who frequent this place and to characterise this fishing. From February to October of 2006, we interviewed 107 sporting fishers that visited Cachoeira. We describe the fishing and the socio-economic status of the sport fishers. Most of the fishers are men, coming from the state of São Paulo, with a mean family income of US$ 1,212.3 (R$ 2,558.10, US$ 1 = R$ 2.11, July/2007), being aged 50.2 years old on average. A large amount of them (49.5 percent) only have incomplete first grade education. The main captured species are curimba Prochilodus lineatus, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, P. heraldoi, Pimelodella spp., lambari Astyanax fasciatus, A. schubarti, A. altiparanae, Roeboides paranensis and piava Leporinus lacustris, L. friderici, L. octofasciatus. Fishers have had a strong connection with this place for many years and even with low captures (2.8 kg/day), they are quite satisfied.

A pesca esportiva é uma atividade importante de lazer em muitos países. Ela gera direta e indiretamente renda e emprego para milhões de pessoas. Em alguns locais seu desembarque supera a produção da pesca profissional, mas esse fato nem sempre é levado em conta no estabelecimento de políticas de manejo. Na região da Cachoeira de Emas, há relatos da sua ocorrência desde a década de 40. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o perfil dos pescadores esportivos que frequentam esse local e caracterizar essa pesca. De fevereiro a outubro de 2006 foram entrevistados 107 pescadores esportivos que frequentaram esse local. A maioria dos pescadores são homens, procedentes do Estado de São Paulo, com renda média familiar de US$ 1.212.37 (R$ 2.558,10, US$ 1 = R$ 2,11, Julho/2007), com idade média de 50,2 anos e grande parte deles (49,5 por cento) tem apenas o primeiro grau incompleto. As principais espécies capturadas são o curimba Prochilodus lineatus, mandi Pimelodus maculatus, P. heraldoi, P. spp., lambari Astyanax fasciatus, A. schubarti, A. altiparanae, Roeboides paranensis, e piava Leporinus lacustris, L. friderici, L. octofasciatus. Os pescadores têm ligação com esse local há muitos anos e, mesmo com seu baixo rendimento (2,8 kg/dia), a maioria acredita ter sucesso na pescaria.

Characterization of small-scale fisheries in the Camamu-Almada basin, southeast state of Bahia, Brazil / Caracterização das pescarias de pequena-escala na bacia de Camamu-Almada no sudeste da Bahia, Brasil

In the Camamu-Almada basin, marine fishery is exclusively small-scale, with several structural deficiencies such as boats with low or absent navigational technology, lack of credit and low income. Local fishers complain that shrimp and lobster trawling fishing is the main factor responsible for low stock abundance, but they still persist in these activities as these two species command the highest market prices. So they feel that the target species are already over-fished. We suggest that proper management action, alternative ways of income generation and the payment of job insurance would help to mitigate the problem.

Na bacia Camamu-Almada, as pescarias marinhas são exclusivamente de pequena-escala, com várias deficiências estruturais: com barcos quase sem nenhuma tecnologia de auxílio à navegação, falta de crédito e baixa lucratividade. Os pescadores locais reclamam que a pesca de arrasto dirigida a camarões e lagosta é a principal responsável pela baixa abundância dos estoques preferenciais, mas como eles ainda têm alto preço no mercado, essa estratégia de pesca ainda persiste. Assim, eles percebem que esses estoques estão sobre-pescados. Sugerimos que medidas apropriadas de manejo local, ocupações alternativas e o pagamento do seguro desemprego em dia para os pescadores ajudariam a mitigar essa situação.

Profits and social performance of small-scale fishing in the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil)

Small scale fishing profits in two communities in the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Porto Rico - PRI and Porto São José - PSJ villages) are assessed based on interviews carried out with professional fishermen. There is a high illiteracy level in both PRI (50 percent) and PSJ (44.5 percent). The main contributions to income are "vessel costs" and "fish consumption" by the family. Specific tackle (such as cevadeira) and gear used for fishing close to dams make the gear costs higher at PSJ, emphasising the heterogeneity of the activity. The majority of fishermen in both villages have income complementation activities associated with tourism, because floodplain fishing is not a profitable occupation with any poverty alleviation capacity. Since the ecosystem is seriously disrupted, nowadays fishers are vulnerable to high oscillations in costs and income due to uncertainty in catches aggravated by flood control of the dams.

A renda da pesca de pequena escala em duas comunidades na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná (Porto Rico - PRI e Porto São José - PSJ) foi calculada a partir de informações com os pescadores profissionais. Há alto analfabetismo em PRI (50 por cento) e PSJ (44,5 por cento). Os itens que mais contribuem com a formação da renda são "custos com a embarcação" e "consumo do pescado pela família". Estratégias e tralhas específicas (como a cevadeira) são usadas para pescar perto da barragem e fazem os custos maiores em PSJ, destacando a heterogeneidade da atividade. A maioria dos pescadores em ambas as comunidades exercem atividades complementares à renda, como o turismo, já que a pesca não é uma atividade rentável. Uma vez que o ecossistema está seriamente fragmentado, os pescadores são altamente vulneráveis à oscilação em custos e lucros, devido à diminuição nas capturas, ocasionada entre outros fatores pelo controle de inundação exercido pelas barragens.

Enteropatógenos bacterianos em peixes criados em uma estação de reciclagem de nutrientes e no ecossistema relacionado / Bacterial enteropathogens from fishes of a nutrient recycle system and its ecosystem

Avaliou-se a presença de enteropatógenos bacterianos em 72 amostras obtidas a partir de peixes criados em sistema de reciclagem de nutrientes, em estação experimental, no município de Petrópolis, RJ. Paralelamente, foram obtidas amostras do lodo utilizado como adubo orgânico e da cama de aves localizada na área interna dos tanques criatórios. A metodologia empregada incluiu o pré-enriquecimento em Caldo Lactosado e Agua Peptonada Tamponada, seguido de enriquecimento em Agua Peptonada Alcalina (pH 8,4-8,6) e subseqüente semeadura em Agar GSP para o isolamento de Aeromonas spp. e Plesiomonas shigelloides. Para os demais microrganismos, alíquotas de 1ml foram inoculadas nos meios de enriquecimento Caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis e Caldo Tetrationato de Kauffmann com posterior semeadura em Agar Entérico Hektoen e Agar Salmonella-Shigella. Com a finalidade de monitorar o índice de coliformes fecais, visando conhecer a qualidade da água para este sistema, paralelamente à coleta de peixes foram avaliadas amostras de água dos tanques criatórios e de macrófitas. No cômputo geral foram isoladas 116 cepas de enteropatógenos bacterianos, destacando-se Aeromonas spp (67,2 por cento) com 9 espécies (A. veronii biogrupo sobria, A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. trota, A.eucrenophila, A. veronii biog. veronii, A. media, A. caviae e A jandaei) e Aeromonas spp., seguido de Edwardsiella tarda (16,4 por cento), Plesiomonas shigelloides (12,9 por cento) e Salmonella (3,4 por cento). A análise da qualidade da água empregada no sistema revelou, de um modo geral, índices mais elevados de coliformes fecais nos tanques dos peixes (>1800/100 ml).

The presence of bacterial enteropathogens from fishes of a nutrient recycle system from a Experimental Station in Petropolis, RJ, was evaluated in 72 samples from april 2000 to july 2001 Simultaneously was collected the mud used as organic manure and poultry beds localized next to the tanks. The isolation procedures included preenrichment in Peptone Water followed by enrichment with alcaline Peptone Water (pH 8.4-8.6), and streaked onto GSP Agar for the isolation of Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides. For enteropathogenic bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, 1ml samples were transferred for enrichment in Rappaport- Vassiladis broth and Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth followed by streak onto Hektoen Enteric Agar and Salmonella-Shigella Agar. Simultaneously at each visit samples of water from fish and macrophyte tanks were collected for monitoring faecal coliforms (MPN) using A1 medium. Among the 116 isolates, Aeromonas spp. were the most frequent (67.2 percent) with 9 species (A. veronii, biogroup sobria, A. hidrophila, A. sobria, A. trota, A. eucrenophila, A. veronii biog. veronii, A. media, A. cavia and A. jandaei), followed by Edwardsiella tarda (16.4 percent), Plesiomonas shigelloides (12.9 percent) and Salmonella spp. (3.4 percent). The NMP of fecal coliforms showed higher values in the fish tanks (>1800/100ml).

The small-scale urban reservoir fisheries of Lago Paranoá, Brasília, DF, Brazil

In many cases in large urban centers, which have appropriate waterbodies, small-scale fisheries are the only source of cheap protein for the poor. In Lago Paranoá, located in Brasília, the capital city of Brazil, fishing was studied by conducting interviews with 53 fishers filling in logbooks from March, 1999 to March, 2000 in three fishing communities. The fishers come from the poorest towns around Brasília, known as satellite-towns. They have been living there on average for 21.7 years (s = 9.6 years), their families have 4.9 members (s = 3.6) on average and 44.2 percent do not have a basic education. However, such characteristics are similar to the socioeconomic indices of the metropolis where they live. In spite of being illegal between 1966 and 2000, fishing generated an average monthly income of U$ 239.00 (s = U$ 171.77). The Nile Tilapia Oreocrhromis niloticus is the main captured species (85 percent of a total number of landings in weight of 62.5 t.). Fishing is carried out in rowing boats, individually or in pairs. The fishing equipment used are gillnets and castnets. Gillnets were used actively, whereby the surface of the water is beaten with a stick to drive Tilapias towards nets as they have the ability to swim backwards. This fishing strategy was used in 64.7 percent of the fisheries, followed by castnets (31.1 percent) and by gillnets which were used less (4.2 percent). The fish is sold directly in the streets and fairs of the satellite-towns to middlemen or to bar owners. Three communities have different strategies in terms of fishing equipments, fishing spots and commercialization. Consequently, there are statistically significant differences in relation to the monthly income for each one of these communities.

Em muitos centros urbanos, com corpos d'água apropriados, as pescarias de pequena escala são a única fonte de proteína barata para os pobres. No Lago Paranoá, localizado em Brasília, a atividade pesqueira foi estudada através de entrevistas com 53 pescadores que vivem em cidades satélites, de Março/1999 a Março/2000, em três comunidades pesqueiras. Nesse período os pescadores viviam nas cidades satélites em média há 21,7 anos (s = 9,6 anos), com famílias de 4,9 membros (s = 3,6) e 44,2 por cento deles não possuíam instrução mínima. Entretanto, suas condições são semelhantes aquelas apontadas pelos indicadores socioeconômicos das áreas onde residem. A pesca, embora clandestina de 1966 a 2000, gerou um rendimento médio de U$ 239,00 (s = U$ 171,77). A tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus foi a principal espécie capturada (85 por cento de um rendimento total em peso de 62,5 t). As pescarias foram realizadas em canoas a remo, individualmente ou em duplas. As artes empregadas foram a malhadeira e a tarrafa. A malhadeira foi empregada de modo ativo sob a forma de batida, onde se bate na água com um bastão para afugentar as tilápias em direção às redes. Essa estratégia foi empregada em 64,7 por cento das pescarias, seguida pela tarrafa (31,1 por cento) e pela malhadeira empregada passivamente (4,2 por cento). O pescado foi vendido diretamente nas ruas e em feiras das cidades-satélite, por atravessadores ou donos de bar. As três comunidades de pescadores apresentam estratégias diferentes para pescar e comercializar o pescado. Assim há diferenças significativas em relação à essa fonte de renda, entre as comunidades.

Small-scale manjuba fishery around Cardoso Island State Park, SP, Brazil

This work was carried out in the Enseada da Baleia and Vila Rápida communities. Data was provided by the Co-Management Committee of the Cardoso Island State Park (PEIC) on manjuba fishery management, technique and strategies used by the fishermen, as well as locally accumulated knowledge. Based on the results, social, ecological, and economic aspects of this type of fishing were analyzed. The importance of the accumulated knowledge and experience of this community, as well as the limitations imposed by local fishing gear, was concluded to be essential in conserving manjuba fishery conditions in the area. Industrial fishing, relevant state legislation, and market conditions were found to be the main obstacles to local fishery. Various proposals are suggested for manjuba fishery management, with emphasis on the need for fishing community participation in whatever measures are ultimately implemented.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas comunidades Enseada da Baleia e Vila Rápida (PEIC), com a finalidade de reunir subsídios para o manejo participativo da pesca da manjuba. Foram obtidos dados da técnica e estratégias utilizadas na pesca da manjuba, sobre conhecimento local dos pescadores estudados, além de analisados os aspectos sociais, ecológicos e econômicos envolvidos nesse tipo de pesca. Foi observado que os conhecimentos e práticas dos pescadores, associados à limitação dos apetrechos de pesca, são importantes para a execução de uma pesca mais seletiva e para a conservação do recurso. Verificou-se que a pesca industrial, a fiscalização e o mercado restrito são os principais fatores externos que interferem diretamente na atividade pesqueira estudada. A partir da análise do contexto em que a pesca da manjuba está inserida, foram sugeridas propostas para o manejo da atividade, ressaltando-se a necessidade de sua realização de forma participativa, juntamente com as comunidades usuárias do recurso.

Reduction of the impact produced by sea lions on the fisheries in Mexico.

Activities of fishermen in the Bay of La Paz, B. C. S. are focused to satisfy the local demand of fish and shellfish by using approximately 300 small outboard crafts equipped with gillnets.Sea lions in this Bay attack the fishes captured damaging both product and gear. We did experimental gillnet throws to determine the frequency and preferences of sea lions in fishing areas. 52 experimental gillnet throws with time averages of 2 hr were performed, rending an average of 30 kg of fish captured and less than 10% of damages to the net.. Traditional fishermen in this Bay usually left the net the whole night, (approximately 7.50 hr, obtaining an average of 50 kg of captured fish, but the damages to the nets is in average of 40%. The cost-benefit balance comparing our alternative fishing method, which includes the use of the gillnets during the afternoon, watching for sea lions and retiring the nets at their arrival, it is more sustainable and profitable than the traditional fishing method currently used by the local fishermen. This paper suggests how to minimize the harmful effects of the sea lions on the fishermen productivity and gear, maximizing the production and reducing the damage. Our alternative method is applicable to other regions where this harmful interaction is taking place. We conclude that the coexistence of sea lions-fisheries is feasible, by applying the simple measures that we propose.

Income evaluation of small - scale fishers in two brazilian urban reservoirs: Represa Billings (SP) and Lago Paranoá (DF) / Avaliação da renda dos pescadores de pequena escala em dois reservatórios urbanos brasileiros: Represa Billings (SP) e Lago Paranoá (DF)

The income of small-scale fisheries of two urban reservoirs in Brazil: Represa Billings (127 km²) located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, the capital city of the state of São Paulo and Lago Paranoá (38 km²) located in Brasília (DF), the capital city of Brazil were calculated and compared. Both fisheries are mainly based on the alien Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (more than 80 percent of the total catch). Although these reservoirs are nearly 900 km apart, their native fish fauna belong to the Upper Paraná Province. The Represa Billings fishers have, on average, a daily profit of R$ 15.8 (U$ 8.4 mostly employing gill nets) and Lago Paranoá fishers R$ 46.6 (U$ 24.9, mostly employing cast nets), which is a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The profit of the fisheries is explained by the factor "reservoir" and covariate "days of fishing". Due to the increasing violence in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, the Represa Billings fishery is vanishing.

Neste artigo, foi calculada e comparada a renda média de pescadores de pequena escala, que operam em dois reservatórios urbanos no Brasil: na Represa Billings (127 km²), localizada na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo, e no Lago Paranoá (38 km²), localizado em Brasília (DF). Ambas as pescarias são baseadas em espécies exóticas, principalmente a Tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (mais de 80 por cento das capturas). Os pescadores da Represa Billings têm um ganho médio diário de R$ 17,75 (U$ 8,4), empregando principalmente a rede-de-espera. Os pescadores do Lago Paranoá têm um ganho médio diário de R$ 46,58 (U$ 24,9), empregando principalmente a tarrafa. A renda dos pescadores de Brasília é estatisticamente superior à dos pescadores de São Paulo (P < 0.01). O lucro dessas pescarias é explicado pela natureza do reservatório (Paranoá ou Billings) e pelos dias de pesca. Devido ao aumento da violência na região metropolitana de São Paulo, as pescarias na Represa Billings estão desaparecendo.

Optimum fishing strategies for Isostichopusfuscus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Gulf Of California, Mexico

The Isostichopus fuscus fishery in Mexico was heavily exploited until 1994, when it was closed due to overfishing. However, no information existed on the status of the populations. The fishery was evaluated through an age structured simulation model, and according to our analysis of the stock, the fishery can be feasible and sustainable as long as fishing mortality and age of first catch are optimized. In order to evaluate exploitation strategies, several scenarios were simulated considering different combinations of fishing intensities and ages of first catch. Input data for the model included population parameters, commercial catch and costs and benefits of the fishing operations. Yield production was strongly influenced by the fishing pressure and by the age of first capture. When the first one increased, significant decreases in yield and profits occurred. The best exploitation strategy was these parameters: fishing mortality level F = 0.15, age at first capture t(c) = 4 years, and yielding of approximately 430 tons. However, since the species reproduces for the first time at 5 years, extracting younger specimens would collapse the population. The critical value of fishing mortality was detected at Fc = 0.25. If exceeded, the population tends to exhaustion and the fishery is no longer profitable. In conclusion, I. fuscus fishery is highly vulnerable to overfishing and age of catch. It must be taken into account that the management policies should be considered as pilot and used on a regional basis. Continuous monitoring of the stock, control of the number of fishing licenses and extracting only specimens 5 yeasr-old and older (around 20 cm and >400 g), will allow the populations to recover from fishing activities

The distribution and abundance of wetland ichthyofauna,and exploitation of the fisheries in the Godineau Swamp, Trinidad: case study

Abstract:The Godineau (South Oropuche)Swamp (3171 ha)on the southwestern coast of Trinidad (10 º13- 15 ’N,61 º30-32 ’W)is heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities including fishing,oil exploration, drainage manipulation and wetland clearance.To reduce the negative effects of these activities and to manage the swamp more sustainably,more quantitative information is needed on the ecology of the wetland and the activities that occur within it.This study focuses on the distribution of the fish resources and exploited fisheries as a basis for more informed management directives. Sampling was conducted during 2002,in April-May (for dry season)and July-September (for wet season sampling).Ichthyofauna was sampled both day and night using trammel nets and a push seine.Fishing activities were assessed using a questionnaire and informal discussions with fishers.The wetland supports over 29 species of fish distributed over the freshwater,estuarine and saline zones (n=1454). Species distribution is seasonal,with evidence of the wetland being used as a spawning ground. Species richness and species diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index)for the wetland ranged over 2-11 and 0.162-0.967,respectively, in the dry season and 2-7 and 0.036-0.903,respectively,in the wet season.Communities inhabiting the saline and estuarine zones of the wetland were dominated by a single species,Hexanematichthys bonillai .Percent Similarity Indices were 41.8%for freshwater, 72.7%for estuarine and 79.8%for estuarine-saline communities. The commercial species accounted for 18%of total catch sampled and consisted of Centropomus undecimalis, Megalops atlanticus ,Hoplosternum littorale, Hoplias malabaricus ,Ophioscion punctatissimus and Macrodon ancyclodon .Full-time and part-time fishers,including recreational fishers,accounted for 14.3%and 85.7%, respectively of all fishers surveyed (n=56).A conservative estimate of the revenue earned directly at point of sale for fish and shellfish,is approximately...

The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean

The marine ornamental fish trade began in the 1930s in Sri Lanka, spread to Hawaii and the Philippines in the 1950s, and expanded to a multi-million dollar industry in the 1970s with fisheries established throughout the tropical Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Currently, 45 countries supply global markets an estimated 14-30 million fish annually, with an import value of US$28-44 million. The largest suppliers are Indonesia and the Philippines, followed by Brazil, Maldives, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Hawaii. In the tropical Western Atlantic, 16 countries have export fisheries, including the U.S. (Florida and Puerto Rico). The U.S. is the world's largest buyer, followed by the European Union and Japan. The global trade consists of over 1400 species of reef fishes, of which only about 25 are captive bred on a commercial scale. Damselfish, anemonefish, and angelfish constitute over 50% of the global volume; butterflyfish, wrasses, blennies, gobies, triggerfish, filcfish, hawkfishes, groupers and basselets account for 31% of the trade, and the remaining 16% is represented by 33 families. The most important fishes from the Caribbean are angelfish (six species), seahorses (two species), royal gramma, jawfish, queen triggerfish, redlip blenny, puddingwife, bluehead wrasse, and blue chromis. The Caribbean currently supplies a small percentage of the global trade in marine ornamental species, but ornamental fisheries in this region represent important emerging industries. It is critical that effective ornamental fishery management plans and regulations are developed and enforced, and fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are collected and utilized in decision making processes to ensure sustainable ornamental fisheries throughout the region

Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico

This fishery was examined utilizing public records, stakeholder interviews, and operational site visits to describe the fishery for the Puerto Rico Coral Reef Advisory Committee as a first step toward development of policies for the effective management of these natural resources. The fishery is not large, including fewer than 20 licensed fishers operating primarily on the west end of the island. Only three operators export product, with the remaining fishers providing specimens to the exporters based upon customer orders. Most collection of coral reef species occurs over hard rubble zones mixed with relic reef structures and rock, or on the sides and frontal areas of active reefs. Other species are collected from among mangrove prop root zones, tidal flats, and seagrass beds. Collections are made using simple barrier and dip nets for fish and motile invertebrates such as shrimp. Invertebrates such as crabs, starfish, and sea cucumbers are commonly collected by overturning small rocks, gathering the specimens, and then replacing the rocks in their original positions. Specimens are carried to the boat and transferred to individual cup holders to maximize survival. Although statements concerning former use of chemicals to assist capture were noted, no evidence of current chemical use was observed. Specimens are held in re-circulating seawater systems onshore until collections are aggregated and shipped. The fishery strives to operate with mortality of<1%, as mortalities of>3% are described as unacceptable to customers. More than 100 fish species are collected in this fishery, but the top ten species account for >70% of the total numbers and >60% of the total value of the fishery, with a single species, Gramma loreto (Royal Gramma), comprising >40% of the numbers. More than 100 species of invertebrates are collected, but this fishery is also dominated by a handful of species, including anemones, hermit crabs, turbo snails, serpent starfish, and feather duster polychaetes

Composite fish culture for mosquito control in rice fields in southern India.

Composite culture of edible fishes (common carp, Cryprinus carpio; silver carp, Hypopthalmithys molitrix, grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella; catla, Catla catla; rohu, Labeo rohita; and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala) in rice fields in the Cauvery delta of Tamil Nadu, southern India, resulted in 81.0% reduction in the immature mosquito population of anophelines and 83.5% of culicines. Analysis of fish feces for mosquito larval head capsules showed that common carp and silver carp are effective larvivores. The selective feeding of common carp on culicines and silver carp on anophelines is correlated to their trophic niches. Net profit in the fish-cum-rice fields was 2.5 times greater than fields in which rice alone was cultured. Hence, rice-cum-fish culture can be recommended to the farming community in this area.